Raytron Technical Review RESEARCH ARTICLE WP-01-07

Drawing Technology: Precision Forming of Bimetallic Conductors

RAYTRON技术团队¹ *

¹RAYTRON集团技术研究中心, 中国

^*Corresponding author

Received: 2025年12月 Accepted: 2026年2月 Published: 2026年3月

DOI: 10.1234/raytron.2026.WP-01-07

Abstract

拉拔是将包覆焊接后的复合杆材加工成最终尺寸的关键工艺。本白皮书研究双金属导体的拉拔技术，包括道次设计、模具选择、润滑系统和质量控制。我们分析拉拔过程中两种金属的变形行为差异，提出优化策略以实现均匀变形和高质量产品。

Key Findings

Bimetallic Deformation Requires Coordination During drawing, core and cladding must deform coordinately. Due to different yield strengths and work hardening behaviors of the two metals, pass design optimization is needed to ensure uniform deformation and avoid interface stress concentration.
Die Design Affects Quality Die angle, bearing length, and surface finish directly affect drawing force and product quality. Optimal die angle is typically 12-18°. Carbide die life is 50-100km, diamond die life can reach 100-200km.
Lubrication is Key Factor Good lubrication reduces drawing force, decreases die wear, and improves surface quality. Oil-based lubricants are suitable for CCA, water-based for CCS (good cooling), and dry lubricants for NCC.
Work Hardening Needs Control Work hardening occurs during drawing, increasing strength but decreasing ductility. Intermediate annealing is needed to restore ductility, with temperature and time determined by material type and degree of work hardening.

Keywords

拉拔技术;双金属拉拔;道次设计;模具;润滑;加工硬化

1. 引言

拉拔是将包覆焊接后的复合杆材加工成最终线材尺寸的关键工艺步骤。

创建拉拔工艺示意图

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Figure Fig. 1 拉拔工艺示意图

2. 拉拔基础

2.1 双金属变形协调

创建双金属变形协调示意图

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Figure Fig. 2 双金属变形协调示意图

ε_core ≈ ε_clad = ln(A₀/A₁)

(1)

3. 道次设计

合理的道次设计是保证产品质量的关键。

4. 模具技术

创建模具角度对拉拔力的影响曲线

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Figure Fig. 3 模具角度对拉拔力的影响

5. 润滑系统

6. 质量控制

创建加工硬化曲线

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Figure Fig. 4 加工硬化曲线

7. 结论

Frequently Asked Questions

How does bimetallic drawing differ from single-metal drawing?

Bimetallic drawing requires consideration of deformation coordination between two metals. Due to different yield strengths of core and cladding, deformation may be uneven. Pass design and die parameters need optimization to ensure interface stress does not exceed bond strength and avoid delamination.

How to choose drawing die material?

Carbide dies are suitable for CCA and CCS, moderate cost, life 50-100km; Diamond dies are suitable for fine wires and high-precision products, life 100-200km but higher cost; Ceramic dies are suitable for high-temperature applications. Choose based on product specifications and production requirements.

How to control residual stress during drawing?

Residual stress originates from uneven deformation. Control methods include: optimizing pass reduction rate (15-25%), using appropriate die angle, maintaining good lubrication, controlling drawing speed. Residual stress can be eliminated by annealing.

Figures

创建拉拔工艺示意图

Fig. 1 拉拔工艺示意图

创建双金属变形协调示意图

Fig. 2 双金属变形协调示意图

创建模具角度对拉拔力的影响曲线

Fig. 3 模具角度对拉拔力的影响

创建加工硬化曲线

Fig. 4 加工硬化曲线

创建残余应力分布图

Fig. 5 残余应力分布图

Tables

Table 1 拉拔参数范围

参数	CCA	CCS	NCC
单道次减径率 (%)	15-25	10-20	15-22
总减径率 (%)	85-95	80-90	85-92
拉拔速度 (m/s)	1-5	0.5-3	1-4

Table 2 模具材料选择

模具类型	适用材料	寿命 (km)
硬质合金	CCA, CCS	50-100
金刚石	细线	100-200
陶瓷	高温应用	30-50

Table 3 润滑剂选择

润滑剂类型	适用材料	特点
油基	CCA	良好润滑
水基	CCS	冷却效果好
干式	NCC	清洁生产

References

Wistreich, J. G. The Fundamentals of Wire Drawing Metallurgical Reviews (1958)
ASM International Wire Drawing Handbook ASM (2019)

Authoritative References

ASTM International IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) ISO (International Organization for Standardization) SAE International IEEE

Drawing Technology: Precision Forming of Bimetallic Conductors

1. 引言

2. 拉拔基础

2.1 双金属变形协调

3. 道次设计

4. 模具技术

5. 润滑系统

6. 质量控制

7. 结论

Frequently Asked Questions

How does bimetallic drawing differ from single-metal drawing?

How to choose drawing die material?

How to control residual stress during drawing?

Figures

Tables

References

Authoritative References

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