Raytron Technical Review RESEARCH ARTICLE WP-03-01

CCS-21% IACS: Grounding Applications

RAYTRON技术团队¹ *

¹RAYTRON集团技术研究中心, 中国

^*Corresponding author

Received: 2025年12月 Accepted: 2026年2月 Published: 2026年3月

DOI: 10.1234/raytron.2026.WP-03-01

Abstract

CCS-21% is the primary grade for grounding applications, combining the conductivity needed for fault current with the strength and theft deterrence of steel. This white paper examines CCS-21% specifications, grounding system design, installation practices, and the unique advantages of steel-core conductors in grounding applications.

Key Findings

Conductivity 21% IACS Optimal for grounding fault current requirements
Cost Savings 60-70% Material cost reduction vs solid copper
Tensile Strength 600-900 MPa Superior mechanical strength from steel core
Theft Deterrence High Low scrap value effectively prevents copper theft

Keywords

CCS-21%;grounding;earthing;theft deterrence;fault current;grounding conductor

1. Introduction

1.1 CCS for Grounding

创建接地系统示意图

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Figure Fig. 1 Grounding System Diagram

2. Material Specifications

3. Grounding Requirements

4. Conductivity Analysis

创建故障电流分布图

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Figure Fig. 2 Fault Current Distribution

5. Mechanical Advantages

6. Theft Deterrence

The steel core has low scrap value, effectively preventing theft.

7. Conclusion

CCS-21% is the ideal choice for grounding applications, offering cost-effectiveness, theft deterrence, and sufficient conductivity.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is CCS-21% and why is it used for grounding?

CCS-21% is Copper-Clad Steel with 21% IACS conductivity, specifically designed for grounding applications. It provides sufficient conductivity for fault current dissipation while offering superior mechanical strength and theft deterrence compared to solid copper.

How does CCS-21% compare to solid copper for grounding?

CCS-21% offers 60-70% cost savings, higher tensile strength (600-900 MPa vs ~200 MPa for copper), and excellent theft deterrence due to low scrap value. The 21% IACS conductivity is sufficient for grounding fault currents per IEEE 80 standards.

Is CCS-21% suitable for all grounding applications?

CCS-21% is ideal for most grounding applications including substation grounding, transmission tower grounding, and industrial facility grounding. It meets IEEE 80 requirements for fault current capacity while providing economic and security advantages.

How does the theft deterrence work?

The steel core of CCS has minimal scrap value compared to solid copper. Thieves cannot easily distinguish CCS from solid copper before theft, but recyclers pay significantly less for steel-core material, making it unattractive for theft.

Figures

创建接地系统示意图

Fig. 1 Grounding System Diagram

创建故障电流分布图

Fig. 2 Fault Current Distribution

Tables

Table 1 Grounding Conductor Requirements Comparison

Requirement	Cu	CCS-21%
故障电流容量	良好	足够
机械强度	中等	高
防盗性	差	优秀
成本	高	低

Table 2 CCS-21% Advantages

Advantage	Benefit
低成本	比Cu节省60-70%
防盗	钢芯废料价值低
高强度	抗机械损伤
足够导电率	满足故障电流

Table 3 Material Specifications

Component	Specification
芯材	低碳钢
包覆层	铜(≥99.9%)
铜体积比	20-25%
典型值	21-23%

Table 4 Electrical Properties

Property	Value
导电率	20-23% IACS
电阻率	7.5-8.5 μΩ·cm
抗拉强度	600-900 MPa

References

ASTM International ASTM B452: Copper-Clad Steel Wire ASTM (2020)
IEEE IEEE 80: Grounding Design IEEE (2021)

Authoritative References

ASTM International IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) ISO (International Organization for Standardization) SAE International IEEE